Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning where broad generalization is made from observations which are specific. Conclusions are retrieved from data. In inductive reasoning the journey is from the specific to general. Inductive reasoning is used by science to develop hypotheses and theories. The two different types of what Chaffee defines as inductive reasoning are empirical generalization and causal reasoning. Empirical generalization is the method where one after seeing the sample population a general statement is made about the target population. The prediction of election result before the actual election is a very good example of empirical generalization.